Presidents Who Were Masons

There are at least 14 presidents who were Masons, or Freemasons, according to the secretive fraternal organization and presidential historians. The list of presidents who were Masons includes the likes of George Washington and Theodore Roosevelt to Harry S. Truman and Gerald Ford. Truman was one of two presidents—the other was Andrew Jackson—to achieve the rank of grandmaster, the highest ranking position in a Masonic lodge jurisdiction. Washington, meantime, earned the highest possible position, that of master, and has a Masonic memorial named after him in Alexandria, Virginia, whose mission is to highlight the contributions of Freemasons to the nation. American presidents were among many of the nations most powerful men who were members of the Freemasons. Joining the organization was seen as a rite of passage, even a civic duty, in the 1700s. It also got some presidents into trouble. Here is a complete list of presidents who were Masons, drawn from the organizations own records as well as the historians who chronicled its importance in American life. George Washington Washington, the nations first president, became a Mason in Fredericksburg, Virginia, in 1752. He has been quoted as saying, The object of Freemasonry is to promote the happiness of the human race. James Monroe Monroe, the nations fifth president, was initiated as a Freemason in 1775 before he was even 18 years old. He eventually became a member of the Masons lodge in Williamsburg, Virginia. Andrew Jackson Jackson, the nations seventh president, was considered a devout Mason who defended the lodge from critics. Andrew Jackson was loved by the Craft. He was Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Tennessee and presided with masterly ability. He died as a Mason should die. He met the great Masonic foe and fell calmly beneath his silent blows, it was said of Jackson at the installation of a monument on his behalf in Memphis, Tennessee. James K. Polk Polk, the 11th president, began as a Mason in 1820 and achieved the rank of junior warden in his jurisdiction in Columbia, Tennessee, and earned the royal arch degree. In 1847, he helped in a Masonic ritual of laying a cornerstone at the Smithsonian Institute, Washington, D.C., according to William L. Boyden. Boyden was a historian who wrote Masonic Presidents, Vice Presidents, and signers of the Declaration of Independence. James Buchanan Buchanan, our 15th president and only commander-in-chief to be a bachelor in the White House, joined the Masons in 1817 and achieved the rank of district deputy grand master in his home state of Pennsylvania. Andrew Johnson Johnson, the 17th president of the United States, was a loyal Mason. According to Boyden, At the cornerstone laying of the Baltimore Temple some one suggested that a chair be brought to the reviewing platform for him. Brother Johnson refused it, saying: We all meet on the level. James A. Garfield Garfield, the nations 20th president, was made a Mason in 1861in Columbus, Ohio. William McKinley McKinley, the nations 25th president, was made a Mason in 1865 in Winchester, Virginia. Todd E. Creason, founder of the Midnight Freemasons blog, wrote this about the understated McKinley: He was trusted. He listened much more than he spoke. He was willing to admit when he was wrong. But McKinley’s greatest character trait was his honesty and integrity. He twice turned down the nomination for President because he felt each time that the Republican Party had violated its own rules in nominating him. He squashed the nomination both times-something a politician today would probably view as an unthinkable act. William McKinley is a very good example of what a true and upright Mason should be. Theodore Roosevelt Roosevelt, the 26th president, was made a Freemason in New York in 1901. He was known for his virtue and refusal to use his status as a Mason for political gain. Wrote Roosevelt: If you are a mason you will of course understand that it is expressly forbidden in masonry to attempt to use the order in any way for anyone’s political advantage, and it must not be done. I should emphatically object to any effort so to use it. William Howard Taft Taft, the 27th president, was made a Mason in 1909, just before becoming president. He was made a Mason at sight by the grand master of Ohio, meaning he did not have to earn his acceptance into the lodge like most others do. Warren G. Harding Harding, the 29th president, first sought acceptance into the Masonic brotherhood in 1901 but was initially blackballed. He was eventually accepted and held no grudges, wrote John R. Tester of Vermont. While president, Harding took every opportunity to speak for Masonry and attend Lodge meetings when he could, he wrote. Franklin D. Roosevelt Roosevelt, the 32nd president, was a 32nd Degree Mason. Harry S. Truman Truman, the 33rd president, was grand master and 33rd degree Mason. Gerald R. Ford Ford, the 38th president, is the most recent to have been a Mason. He began with the fraternity in 1949. No president since Ford has been a Freemason.

Role of Print Media in Conflict Resolution a Comparative...

Role Of Print Media In Conflict Resolution: A Comparative Study Of Daily Dawn Jang Newspapers Regarding The Issue Of Lal Masjid AEMEN KHALID Session: 2006 to 2008 Supervisor: Dr. Anjum Zia DEPARTMENT OF MASS COMMUNICATION LAHORE COLLEGE FOR WOMEN UNIVERSITY LAHORE 2008 ABSTRACT This research paper investigates â€Å" the role of Daily Dawn and Daily Jang with reference to conflict resolution in case of Lal Masjid†.The study applied a social sciences methodology using content analysis technique to analyze the data. The study generates a substantial body of initial information about the role of print media in inter-state conflicts. A total of 302 news stories from the front and back page and 32 editorials and editorial notes of two†¦show more content†¦Young agrees that both print and electronic media contributes to conflict escalation, either directly or indirectly. He observes that media focus in many cases is selective and events such as battles or bombings receive more coverage (Young, 1991) Kamala Sarup (2003) noted that we cannot play effective role in preventing conflicts until the very nature and the root causes are understood. Even it is known that media is a vital factor for peace, democracy and a dignified human development. Media r eporting on the possibilities for conflict resolution could become a useful support for non-violent problem solving. Many research studies have been conducted to observe the effect and coverage of national and international print media on readers regarding different issues. (Abid Masood Tehami, Farooq Rana Shabana Mubasher). Findings of previous researches had made the researcher to conclude that print media plays an important role in a nation’s life. The print media have taken a long time to mature as a platform for dispassionate analysis and free expression of news and views about public life but no study has been carried out in Lahore, Pakistan regarding conflict resolution and prevention for an inter-state issue, particularly Lal Masjid prior to this study. The study addressed the questions â€Å"how much coverage both newspapers have given to the news items positively supporting the issue and

Enemy free essay sample

Enemy Prompt: 2001. One definition of madness is â€Å"mental delusion or the eccentric behavior arising from it.† But Emily Dickinson wrote Much madness is divinest Sense- To a discerning Eye- Novelists and playwrights have often seen madness with a â€Å"discerning Eye.† Select a novel or play in which a character’s apparent madness or irrational behavior plays an important role. Then write a well-organized essay in which you explain what this delusion or eccentric behavior consists of and how it might be judged reasonable. Explain the significance of the â€Å"madness† to the work as a whole. Do not merely summarize the plot. In a cast of die-hard soldiers fighting in World War II, there is one who is notable for his odd behavior and expression of beliefs. The idealized American soldier is expected to die for his country, but Yossarian will do no such thing and his actions appear crazy to those around him. We will write a custom essay sample on Enemy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The insanities and ironies that war present make it seem more like a silly game, than an effective tactic. Generals, Colonels, Majors, even enlisted soldiers, are being brainwashed into believing that they are fighting for a good cause. Yossarian knows that they have only become their own worst enemies though. Catch-22, by Joseph Heller, shines a light on the irony of war and forces the reader to ask: how much is too much? The realization of death is very clear to Yossarian and unlike the other majors and generals; he does not want to die for his country. Many readers may argue that these feelings are wrong and immoral for a soldier to feel, but Yossarian’s arguments make perfect sense. He says to Clevinger, â€Å"Open your eyes, Clevinger. It doesn’t make a damned difference who wins the war to someone who’s dead.† (123) Of course Clevinger retorts saying that Yossarian’s words are only giving comfort to the enemy, but I wonder who the enemy is. According to Yossarian, â€Å"The enemy is anybody who’s going to get you killed, no matter which side he’s on, and that includes Colonel Cathcart.† (124) By increasing the missions, he is slowly killing each one of his soldiers. Like Colonel Cathcart, other men are quick to turn their backs on each other. Dobbs pleads Yossarian to approve his plan to murder Colonel Cathcart and Milo will sell anything t o collect money for himself. The old legend says to keep your friends close and your enemies closer, but Yossarian is the only soldier who sees that this is the wrong suggestion in the time of war. While Yossarian may be the only sane one fighting, he has no way of leaving the war. He claims to be crazy several times and when Doc Daneeka says, â€Å"There’s a rule saying I have to ground anyone who’s crazy.† (45), Yossarian nearly rejoices. But there’s a catch. Catch-22, â€Å"specified that a concern for one’s own safety in the face of dangers that were real and immediate was the process of a rational mind.† (46) These overlapping rules add to the idea the war is a game. The ambiguity of war really conveys the point that all the efforts a man may put into escaping the war will never pay off. Even if a soldier was mentally ill and was a threat to those people around him, it would not be anything out of the ordinary. Once you add Catch-22, there is no point to sending him home. Yossarian commits many acts in the novel that others see as â€Å"madness†. As the reader though you understand why he does these things. Colonel Cathcart makes a list of all the happenings associated with Yossarian, including, â€Å"Ferrara, Bologna (bomb line moved on map during), Skeet range, Naked man in formation (during Avignon), Food poisoning (during Bologna), Moaning (epidemic of during Avignon briefing)† (212). A glance at this list could easily make the reader think Yossarian is crazy, but each occurrence has an explanation. For instance, the â€Å"Naked man in formation (during Avignon)† was Yossarian and the reason he was naked was because one of his flight partners bled all over his uniform while he was dying. It makes perfect sense that Yossarian would not want to wear the blood of a dead man. The blood of a man he knew and worked with. The blood of a man that could have easily been him. There are many instances where Yossarian is mild in comparis on to the acts of other men. It is insane that Dobbs would actually consider murdering Colonel Cathcart. It is insane that Colonel Cathcart continues to increase the flight mission number. And it is also insane that Milo would try to feed his soldiers cotton in order to cover up his own mistakes. All the actions that the other men commit get overshadowed by the spotlight that is shined on Yossarian. Yossarian is the soldier that stands and represents the whole. He sees the reality and continues to be sane when everyone else is being brain-washed by the war. These men do not even know what they are fighting for. They are each others enemies and only wish the worst for each other. This is why Yossarian needs to escape the war. If he doesn’t than he will be sucked into something so warped and twisted. And if he doesn’t die during a mission, he will surely be murder by the men around him who actually are crazy.

Workplace Conflict free essay sample

Iconflict is a fact of life. Human beings are multifaceted characters and not everyone is going to get along all the time. In many I I instances, conflict in the workplace causes havoc. At the very least, it can lead to uncomfortable tension among staff. At worst, the I I results can be deadly. You need to deal with conflict in a way that makes sense for your situation; in general, however, the collaborative I I effort is the way to go because it involves people working together for the common good. Workplace conflict is a conflict that can be causedl I by many factors including he long hours many people spend at their workplace, the hierarchical structure of the organization, and the I I difficulties like financial problems that may be involved in switching to a different workplace. Workplaces share a lot in common with I Ischools, in which workers tend to be a lot less independent like kids are in high school and below. We will write a custom essay sample on Workplace Conflict or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Lets start by identifying where I Iconflicts happen. Think about the kinds of conflicts that happen around your workplace. Disagreements over turf (who should do what), I Idisagreements over policy (how things should be one), conflicts of personality and style. There are a lot of ways that employees try to usel Ito deal with conflict in the workplace like avoid the conflict, deny the conflict; wait until it goes away, change the subject, react I I emotionally; become aggressive, abusive, hysterical, or frightening, find someone to blame, make excuses, delegate the situation to someone I lelse. All of these are not productive; they are actually destructive, so learning how to manage conflict in the workplace is vitally I I important. I I Communication is both the cause of and the remedy for conflict. Understanding how to effectively communicate, and how to satisfactorily I I resolve disputes, can lead to a happier, more productive life. Communication and conflict resolution skills must be learned. Most often, I I poor communication and conflict resolution styles must be corrected and replaced with approaches that are more conducive to creating peace I lin the workplace and at home. The workplace setting is fertile breeding ground for conflicts because of the dynamics and interdependency of I lthe mployee-to-employee, customer-to-employee, and employee-to-outside vendor relationships. Recognizing and addressing the factors that I Igive rise to the potential for conflict can have a positive impact on workplace and the productivity in the workplace. Most people fear I Iconflict and see it as something to avoid. In fact, conflict is a normal and natural part of our lives, both professionally and personally. I Iconflict in the right setting, handled in the right way, can be beneficial. It is through conflict that an awareness of the need for some I Inecessary changes an be made both at work and at home. I I The workplace is a system of relationships. Relationships have many different aspects; here are several examples: trust, teamwork, quality, I I morale, self-esteem, loyalty, and respect for boss. When conflicts are handled well, theres a positive effect on work relationships. When I lthey are not, these factors can deteriorate. Productivity and the free expression of ideas are also impacted. The issue of personality I I clashes is probably the most controversial The two types of